Acetic Acid Chemical Formula

Acetic Acid / Ethanoic Acid

Acetic acid is a type of  industrial chemical usage. Many application use acetic acid for their industry to process final products like textile, food and others.

Acetic Acid / Ethanoic Acid formula is CH₃COOH means it has two carbon (C) atoms, four hydrogen (H) atoms and two oxygen (O) atoms with CAS number 64-19-7 and HS Code 29152100. Some people say this product with Glacial acetic acid, Methanecarboxylic acid but in regular market names as Acetic Acid and Glacial acetic acid. The form of Glacial acetic acid is clearly liquid.

In kitchen your can found acetic acid with concentration 4% - 8% with names as Vinegar that means its very functional in our daily life. Now, this is history about manufacturing processing of acetic acid :

The first production route for acetic acid was aerobic fermentation of ethanol. The ethanol is catalytically dehydrogenated or oxidised to acetaldehyde, which in turn is oxidised to acetic acid. While this technology is old, in 2001 Perkebunan Nusantara X built a 30,000 tonnes/year molasses-based acetic acid plant in Jakarta, Indonesia. In addition, Celanese announced that it was exploring a biocatalytic route to acetic acid in collaboration with Diversa.

In 1913, BASF discovered that methanol could be carbonylated to acetic acid.  BASF started its first methanol carbonylation plant in 1960 using cobalt iodide as a catalyst. Synthesis took place at around 250oC and at pressures up to 10 000 psi.

In the 1970s, Monsanto developed the rhodium/iodide catalyst system for methanol carbonylation. In 1986, ownership of the Monsanto technology was acquired by BP Chemicals, which further developed the process. The rhodium-catalysed methanol carbonylation process is highly selective and operates under mild reaction pressure (around 500 psi).

In 1996, BP announced details of a new advance in methanol carbonylation technology for acetic acid and claimed significantly lower production costs. The Cativa process uses a catalyst system based on iridium, in conjunction with several novel promoters, such as rhenium, ruthenium and osmium.

The iridium catalyst system has a higher activity compared with the rhodium process, produces fewer byproducts, and is able to operate at reduced water levels (less than 5% for Cativa versus 14-15% with the Monsanto process). All of these factors combine to allow plants to increase their capacity at relatively low capital cost.

In the 1980s, Celanese developed its proprietary AO Plus (Acid Optimisation Plus) technology, greatly improving the Monsanto process. The AO Plus technology was achieved in part by increasing the rhodium catalyst stability by adding inorganic iodide (primarily lithium iodide) in high concentrations, permitting a dramatic reduction in water concentration (to roughly 4-5% water) in the reactor while maintaining a high carbonylation rate. This subsequently reduces the separation costs involved.

Process development in methanol carbonylation is still continuing. Chiyoda has recently developed an acetic acid process, Acetica, which uses a heterogeneous supported catalyst system and a bubble column reactor. It is reported that the supported catalyst system leads to high productivity, improved rhodium management, and produces an acetic acid yield of more than 99% from methanol.

The Acetica process can be operated at a low water content in the range 3-8 wt% of the reactor liquid. The reactor has a low hydrogen iodide concentration and subsequently a less corrosive environment. The use of the bubble column reactor eliminates the need for high pressure seals required with stirred tank reactors. This feature allows the use of low purity carbon monoxide since operating pressures can be increased (up to 900 psi) to maintain optimum carbon monoxide partial pressure.

 Ethylene oxidation

The liquid phase oxidation of acetaldehyde (using air or oxygen) in the presence of manganese acetate, cobalt acetate, or copper acetate is still used, especially in Europe. This route to acetic acid production generally uses acetaldehyde as an intermediate via oxidation of ethylene (Wacker process).

Showa Denko has developed a one-step, vapour phase process for the production of acetic acid by direct oxidation of ethylene. Owing to relatively reduced capital outlays needed, the Showa Denko ethylene based process is claimed to be economical for 50 000-100 000 tonne/year acetic acid plants.

Showa Denko's process is based on a supported palladium based catalyst containing three components. The reaction takes place in a fixed bed reactor at 150-160oC. Selectivity to acetic acid is believed to be over 86%.

Alkane oxidation

The oxidation of n-butane and light naphtha (which contains low boiling hydrocarbons, especially pentanes and hexanes) is carried out at 160-200oC. The oxidation can be carried out catalytically, usually in the presence of cobalt or manganese, or non-catalytically.

The principal products are acetic acid and methylethylketone. Other organic products, however, such as ethanol, methanol, formic, propionic and butyric acids are also produced. It is unlikely that any new acetic acid plants using non-selective alkane oxidation will be built in the future.

In 2001, Sabic announced its intention to build a 30,000 tonnes/year acetic acid semi-works plant based on a proprietary catalytic oxidation process. According to Sabic patents, ethane is oxidised with either pure oxygen or air at temperatures ranging from 150-450oC and at pressures ranging from 15-750 psi, to form acetic acid.

The new Sabic catalyst system, which is a calcined mixture of oxides of Mo, V, Nb and Pd, allows selectivities to acetic acid as high as 71%. Combining this technology with low cost ethane may result in production economics competitive with methanol carbonylation technology.

After know the history of technology make acetic acid, What the application and major industry used acetic acid?

Production of Vinyl Acetate Monomer

A majority of the acetic acid that is produced is used to produce vinyl acetate monomer, or VAM. Vinyl acetate monomer (VAM) is a building block that is used in many industries to make paints, adhesives, packaging and others application

Production of Acetic Anhydride

Here is another major application of acetic acid; it is used to produce a chemical called acetic anhydride. The major application of acetic anhydride is to make a substance called cellulose acetate, which is used to make a cellulose acetate film that is used in photography. Acetic anhydride is also used to produce heroin as well.

Production of Ester

Esters have a very sweet fruity smell.  Naturally occurring esters are found in fruits.  An ester is a product of the reaction of an acid (usually organic) and an alcohol (the hydrogen of the acid R-COOH is replaced by an alkyl group R').  Esters mainly result from the condensation (a reaction that produces water) of a carboxylic acid and an alcohol. Esters have the general formula R-COOR', and application for fragrances and found in essential oils and pheromones.

On the shipment section, acetic acid is dangerous cargo with the classified as :Flammable liquids - Category 4, Corrosive to Metals - Category 1, Skin Corrosion - Sub-category 1B and Eye Damage - Category 1. and you can find the MSDS of acetic acid. Before shipment doing, the exporter must apply DG cargo application to shipping line and approval by the vessel operator. On container yard, acetic acid also have special handling like hydrogen peroxide.

After approval getting by the exporter, stuffing can be done and sent to container yard.

Packing of acetic acid can be in jerry can 50 Kgs , drums 200 Kgs  and ISO tank container for 20 MT.
 
 We also capture last shipment to India for acetic acid  in below:-

Date	Description Of Goods	Origin	Quantity
20-May-16	GLACIAL ACETIC ACID	Singapore	837,180
19-May-16	GLACIAL ACETIC ACID	China	488,118
19-May-16	GLACIAL ACETIC ACID	China	833,869
17-May-16	GLACIAL ACETIC ACID	China	1,728,753
17-May-16	GLACIAL ACETIC ACID	China	406,765
17-May-16	GLACIAL ACETIC ACID	China	406,765
17-May-16	GLACIAL ACETIC ACID	Germany	266,350
16-May-16	GLACIAL ACETIC ACID	Germany	19,566
16-May-16	GLACIAL ACETIC ACID	Germany	105,746
16-May-16	GLACIAL ACETIC ACID	Germany	5,724
16-May-16	GLACIAL ACETIC ACID	Germany	56,919
16-May-16	GLACIAL ACETIC ACID	Germany	46,247
16-May-16	GLACIAL ACETIC ACID	China	19,321,356
16-May-16	GLACIAL ACETIC ACID	Singapore	418,590
13-May-16	GLACIAL ACETIC ACID	Singapore	400,634
13-May-16	GLACIAL ACETIC ACID	Singapore	16,800
13-May-16	GLACIAL ACETIC ACID	Belgium	1,253

Keywords: Acetic Acid, Glacial acetic acid, Acetic Acid Chemical Formula, manufacturing acetic acid, handling shipment acetic acid, uses of acetic acid, vinegar, shipment data acetic acid.

Hydrogen Peroxide msds

Hydrogen Peroxide msds (Material Safety Data Sheet) 

A document contain guide to handling the hydrogen peroxide product for safety and preventing accident in application/implementation. Each chemical products must have msds document to support to the user and logistic company for handling. msds divide into 16 section for hydrogen peroxide;-

Section 1: Chemical Product and Company Identification

Section 2: Composition and Information on Ingredients

Section 3: Hazards Identification

Section 4: First Aid Measures

Section 5: Fire and Explosion Data

Section 6: Accidental Release Measures

Section 7: Handling and Storage

Section 8: Exposure Controls/Personal Protection

Section 9: Physical and Chemical Properties

Section 10: Stability and Reactivity Data

Section 11: Toxicological Information

Section 12: Ecological Information

Section 13: Disposal Considerations

Section 14: Transport Information

Section 15: Other Regulatory Information

Section 16: Other Information

What is Hydrogen Peroxide?

Hydrogen peroxide, (H₂O₂), a colour less liquid usually produced as aqueous solutions of various strengths, used principally for bleaching cotton and other textiles and wood pulp, in the manufacture of other chemicals and topical anti-infective. Hydrogen Peroxide is a corrosive and grade of hydrogen peroxide on concentration of the liquid like 35% or 60%. Its also be lower concentration by diluting.

Louis Jacque Thenard discovered hydrogen peroxide in 1818. Hydrogen peroxide consists of oxygen and hydrogen atoms. These can be found everywhere on earth. Hydrogen peroxide contains a combination of two hydrogen atoms and two oxygen atoms.

What is the use of hydrogen peroxide?

Hydrogen peroxide use on many industry like textile for bleaching, paper & pulp industry, pharmaceutical and other chemical industry.

How to diluting hydrogen peroxide?

 I.IDENTIFICATION
Dilution (dilution) is mixing the concentrated solution (high concentration) by adding a solvent in order to obtain a final volume greater. Hydrogen Peroxide Analyst technical or deionized water may be used if available. Dilution process must have:
Tank storage 
Shower safety 
 Eye Wash
 Water Pipe
Poster safety 
All personal must wear personal protective equipment following:
Helmet
Safety Eye Glass 
Uniform made from rubber or PVC
Eye Glass made from rubber or PVC
Rubber Shoes

II.RAW MATERIAL& EQUIPMENT

Raw material:

1.AquadestHydrogen Peroxide is solvent. The goal is to make sure no metal content therein. The presence of metal in the water will allow the reaction between the metal with hydrogen peroxide, which is an oxidant, to produce rust. 

2.Hidrogen PeroxideThe main raw material for the process of dilution (dilution) where it should be considered an initial concentration of raw materials to be diluted and results of Hydrogen Peroxide to be desired.

Equipment: 
1.Pipa, valves and fittings 
2.Kelp ball Piping 

3.System Piping 
4.Pump Chemistry

III.FORMULA dilution (dilution) 
How to dilute the solution of Hydrogen Peroxide from 60% to 3%:1.,M1 is the initial concentration (0.6)V1 is the volume of the initial concentrationM2 is the final concentration (0:03)V2 is the volume of the final concentration2.SoV1 V2 = 203.Then final volume (3% concentration) is 20 times the initial volume (60% concentration)

IV.PROCESS 
1. Make sure that the dilution water is distilled water (distilled). 
2. Make sure there is no metal in the tank dilution process. 
3.Count amount of water needed to dilute the initial concentration of H2O2 into a final concentration of H2O2. (60% H2O2 to 3% H2O2; Aquadest needed = 19 (Volume 60% H2O2)) 
4.Calculate volume of water in the storage tank 
5. Once the water has been measured, the pump H2O2 storage tank / dilution
6.Clean H2O2 spill with plenty of water. 
7.Take sample and test results of the final concentration that produced in the laboratory

V.HANDLING & STORAGE
1.Save Hydrogen Peroxide in the original container is opened, upright, in a cool and circulate area where sheltered from danger, or in bulk storage tanks are made of construction materials standards / recognized. 
2. Do not store other chemicals, fuel or flammable materials around Hydrogen Peroxide. 
3. Do not ever put back the used hydrogen peroxide storage containerHydrogen Peroxide 4.Wash all containers thoroughly with clean water before disposal 
5. Use of pumps, valves, pipes and hoses in accordance with safety standards Hydrogen Peroxide

VI.SAFETY 

1.Man working with Hydrogen Peroxide should be familiar with personal protective equipment, first aid and safety standards and procedures for handling. 

2.Prevent the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide by removing materials that get contaminated. 

3.Prevent fire to avoid spillage; water is the best method for extinguishing the fire. 

4.Balance and leaks must be accommodated, diluted with some water and disposed of by the local rules. 

5.Storage of Hydrogen Peroxide or handling areas should be equipped with a safety shower, eyewash and a water hose.

VII. FIRST AID

 If there is a spark of the product with the eyes and face, treat eyes first;Eye contact:Immediately wash the eyes with water for 15 minutes and see a doctor.Skin contact:Immediately wash the skin with water while removing contaminated clothing and shoes and consult a physician if irritation is still there.Inhalation:Remove victim from contaminated area to fresh air. Call your doctor if any respiratory symptoms.Ingestion:Contact your doctor immediately in all cases. Do not encourage vomiting. If the victim is conscious, wash mouth and give water.

What type packing of hydrogen peroxide?

Packing for hydrogen peroxide can be jerry can 25 Kgs, drums 200 kgs and  ISO Tank for 20 MT. Its depend the customer need and application in the field.

 

What is Soda Ash?

What is Soda Ash?

Soda ash, the common name for sodium car-bonate (Na2CO3), has significant economic importance because of its applications in manufacturing glass, manufacturers of chemicals, paper industry, detergents manufacturer and many other products.

The Solvay process or ammonia-soda process is the major industrial process for the production of sodium carbonate (soda ash). The ammonia-soda process was developed into its modern form by Ernest Solvay

Soda Ash Properties

Soda ash is a white, anhydrous, powdered or granular material containing more than 99% sodium carbonate (Na2CO3). The commercial standard for soda ash is expressed in terms of the equivalent sodium oxide (Na2O) content. A 99.5% soda ash is equivalent to 58.2% Na2O (the conversion equation is: % Na2CO3x0.585 = % Na2O). Soda ash is made in three main grades — light, intermediate and dense.

Sodium carbonate (soda ash) is a white alkaline powder soluble in water which is produced in two grades - light and dense. Light soda ash is a fine powder whereas dense soda ash, with twice the bulk density is a granular product.Soda ash is manufactured using the locally-available natural raw materials of salt, in the form of brine, and limestone.

Chemical Name		Sodium Carbonate
Molecular Weight		105.989
Melting Point		851oC 1564oF
Specific Gravity	20o/4oC	2.533
Specific Heat	25oC	0.249 cal/gm/oC
	77oF	0.249 Btu/lb/oC
	45oC	0.256 cal/gm/oC
Heat of Fusion	854oC	75.5 cal/gm 135.9 Btu/lb
Heat of Formation	25oC	-2550 cal/gm -4590 Btu/lb
Heat of Hydration	Monohydrate, Na2CO3 • H2O	30.0 cal/gm Na2CO3 54.0 Btu/lb Na2CO3
	Heptahydrate, Na2CO3 • 7H2O	156.4 cal/gm Na2CO3 281.5 Btu/lb Na2CO3
	Decahydrate, Na2CO3 • 10H2O	208.8 cal/gm Na2CO3 375.8 Btu/lb Na2CO3
Solubility	0oC	7 gms Na2CO3 in 100 gms H2O
	100oC	44.7 gms Na2CO3 in 100 gms H2O
	35.37oC (max.)	49.5 gms Na2CO3 in 100 gms H2O
Alkali equivalent		100 % Na2CO3 = 58.48 % Na2O
Acid equivalent		1 lb Na2CO3 = 0.6881 lb HCl

Soda Ash Application

Soda ash is used in a wide variety of applications and industries. Among st many others the major uses of soda ash are in

•Glass

soda ash is used in the manufacture of flat and container glass. Acting as a fluxing agent, it allows the melting temperature of the batch to be lowered and therefore reduces energy consumption.

• Detergents

- soda ash is used in a large number of prepared domestic products: washing powders, soaps and scouring powders where it acts primarily as a builder or water softener.

• Chemicals

- soda ash is a primary raw material in the production of sodium based chemicals e.g.. sodium bicarbonate, sodium silicate, sodium phosphate and sodium per-carbonate.

Sodium Bicarbonate is also used in a wide variety of applications and industries. Some typical major uses are in:

• Food and Pharmaceuticals

- Sodium bicarbonate is extensively used in human food products and domestic uses : baking soda, effervescent drinks, toothpaste, fruit cleaning, personal hygiene, etc. and in pharmaceutical applications :effervescent tablets, hemo dialysis.

• Animal Feed Products

-  to balance diets to compensate for seasonal variations and meet specific biological and rearing needs.

• Environmental Sector

- Sodium bicarbonate is used in water treatment, fire fighting agents and in the growing market

for flue gas treatment

Sodium Sulphate Manufacturing Process

What Is Sodium Sulphate?

Sodium sulphate (Na2SO4) is a chemical compound that can be found as a mineral in nature or derived from certain industrial processes as a by product. Sodium sulphate is commonly used to make soaps, detergents, pulp industry, textile industry other chemicals industry.

PRODUCT IDENTIFICATION
CAS NO.	7757-82-6 (Anhydrous)7727-73-3 (Decahydrate)
EINECS NO.	231-820-9
FORMULA	Na2SO4
MOL WT.	142.04
H.S. CODE	2833.11.5010
TOXICITY
SYNONYMS	Disodium monosulfate; Sulfuric acid sodium salt;
Disodium sulfate; Sodium sulfate; Sulfuric acid sodium salt; Sulfuric acid disodium salt; Sulfuric acid disodium salt; Salt cake; Bisodium sulfate; Sodium sulfate (2:1); Thenardite; Natriumsulfat; Trona; Dibasic sodium sulfate; Other RN: 1337-28-6

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
PHYSICAL STATE	Hygroscopic white powder, Odorless
MELTING POINT	880 - 888 C
BOILING POINT	1100 C (Decomposes)
SPECIFIC GRAVITY	2.66 - 2.75
SOLUBILITY IN WATER	Soluble
pH	Aqueous solution is neutral
VAPOR DENSITY
AUTOIGNITION
NFPA RATINGS	Health: 1; Flammability: 0; Reactivity: 0
REFRACTIVE INDEX
FLASH POINT
STABILITY	Stable under ordinary conditions

 Sodium Sulphate Manufacturing Process

There are two processes in sodium sulfate production. 1. Chemical process Feed sodium chloride (≥97) and sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄ ≥98) into Mannheim furnace, and the reactant is sodium sulfate. The process is as following: 2NaCl + H₂SO₄ Na₂SO₄ + 2HCl ↑- Q Actually, the reaction is proceeded in two steps: NaCl + H₂SO₄ NaHSO₄ + HCl↑ + Q(1) NaHSO₄+ NaCl Na₂SO₄ + 2HCl↑ - Q(2) The first step is an exothermal reaction that can be carried out at lower temperature, NaHSO₄ is form first. While the second reaction is a strong endothermic reaction, the reaction can be carried out only at 500 °C to 600 °C. The heat required by the reaction is supplied by burning of gas in the burning chamber of the furnace. The gas is generated by a coal gas generator. The temperature in the burning chamber should be maintained around 1200 °C. 2. Extracted from Glauberite rocks Crushed Glauberite rocks are fed into a tank, and then is extracted by water. Remove impurities in the extract. The clean extract is evaporated and centrifuged. Finally this wet sodium sulfate is dried to obtain product sodium sulfate. The process is proceeded as following: Na₂SO₄.CaSO₄ + 2H₂O = Na₂SO₄ + CaSO₄.2H₂O 

 Sodium Sulphate Uses

Use in Soaps and Detergents

Although the need is slowly being reduced, a large amount of sodium sulfate has been used in powdered detergents as filler during the last 30 years. This took place because phosphates, which were traditionally used as fillers in powder detergents, were discovered to be detrimental to the environment. However, sodium sulfate use has begun declining as well, the need for filler has gone down, due to the trend toward using concentrated liquid detergents instead of bulkier powder formulas. It is still used in carpet powders and window defrosting applications.

Textiles

Approximately 100,000 tons of sodium sulfate are utilized annually in Japan and the U.S. for dyeing textiles. It is an ideal compound for this purpose, because it does not corrode the stainless steel vessels as sodium chloride (which can also be used in this manner) does. Sodium sulfate is a leveling agent, reducing negative chargers on the fibers, which allows the dyes to penetrate evenly. Sodium sulfate is a by-product of rayon production, and when there was a decreased need for Japanese rayon, the U.S. was able to fulfill the need for the compound that Japan had previously supplied.

Wood Pulp

One notable use for sodium sulfate compound is in the Kraft process, also known as the sulfate process, of wood pulp manufacturing which is widely used to make paper products and building supplies. Although other processes are now used, the Kraft process has been the dominant method of wood pulping since the 1940s.The technology involves impregnating wood chips with sodium sulfate; the wood is heated, causing a reduction of the sodium sulfate into sodium sulfide. This breaks the bond in the cellulose of the wood, making it malleable and able to be extruded.

Glass

Sodium sulfate is used in the glass industry as well. European glassmakers consume a significant amount of sodium sulfate per year, using up to approximately 110,000 tons per annum. The U.S. utilizes about 30,000 tons in glass making, as well. Sodium sulfate prevents scum formation by the molten glass during refining, and also fluxes the glass. The compound also acts as a fining agent in molten glass, removing small air bubbles and imperfections during the blowing and casting processes.

Drying and Thermal Storage

In the laboratory, sodium sulfate is often used as an inert drying compound for organic materials. It removes water from compounds reliably at temperatures below 30° C (86° F). Another main use of sodium sulfate is in thermal storage. It has been utilized as a solar heat storage component since the 1950s, because it has a high heat storage capacity and does not change from a solid to a liquid until 90 ° F (32 ° C). Sodium sulfate is used to store heat in thermal tiles, and put into cells surrounded by solar-heated water, as well as in some computer-cooling and insulating applications.

Sodium sulfate is still widely in use today, and should continue to be so for some time. Even though some manufacturing processes are phasing out use of the compound, other purposes are continuing to be found. Sodium sulfate’s unique heat storage properties make it an ideal candidate for use in many future processes and products.